“The Golden Age of Ophthalmology” What Dr. Herman Snellen did for the field of vision testing is comparable to what the first automobile engineers did to revolutionize the car industry. The Snellen eye chart got its start in 1862 during the Second Industrial Revolution, nearly 150 years ago. At that time, ophthalmology was at the brink of a period that would later be called “The Golden Age of Ophthalmology”, during which ophthalmology would become the first organ-based specialty. Although Snellen vision charts are used across the globe for testing visual acuity, little changed in the next century. In 1976 Bailey and Lovie, then in Melbourne, proposed a new layout, In 1982, when the National Eye Institute needed standardized charts for its “Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study” (ETDRS), it combined Green’s logarithmic progression with Sloan’s letters and the Bailey-Lovie layout to create what are now known as ETDRS charts. This chart format has been accepted by the National Eye Institute and the FDA, and is mandated for many clinical trials performed worldwide. It is accepted worldwide as today’s Gold Standard for accurate visual acuity measurement. From this piece of paper; as the trial lens set becomes refractor; the chart projector come to the ophthalmic field to simplified the practice. Today is possible to work with integrated systems using: lens meter, refractors and projectors. WHAT IS A PROJECTOR ? Auto optometry system Chart Projector provides the convenient and effective measurement environment with sharp, clear projection. The projection is a reflection of a list of charts, An eye chart is a chart used to measure visual acuity. Types of eye charts include the Snellen chart, Landolt C, and the Lea test. An ophthalmic refracting chart projector with rotary slide discs having removable slides. Operating controls permit selective showing of slides in a desired sequence. Astigmatic charts may also be turned on their axes by such control. Please see the below of the projectors: Chart included on the HANS HEISS PROJECTORS: Standard Upper-case Letter lower case letters Children's pictures Tumbling E's Rolling C's Four Dot Astigmatism Fixation Fixation Dispersion Contrast Sensitivity Variable Single Letter Low Vision Chart Red/green charts